1. How Do Blackjack Seeds Dispersed
2. How Are Blackjack Seeds Dispersed California
3. How Are Blackjack Seeds Dispersed Good

1. Like most mammals, mangroves are viviparous (bringing forth live young), rather than producing dormant resting seeds like most flowering plants. Mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree.
2. One of the important functions of seeds and fruits is dispersal; a mechanism to establish the embryo-bearing seeds in a suitable place away from their parental plants. There are 3 main mechanisms for seed and fruit dispersal: (1) Hitchhiking on animals, ( 2) Drifting in ocean or fresh water, and (3) Floating in the wind.

Abstract

How Do Blackjack Seeds Dispersed

Bidens pilosa is a species of flowering plant in the aster family. It is native to the Americas but it is known widely as an introduced species of other regions, including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.^{[2][citation needed]} It is a tall branched weed with thin yellow flowers that develop into a cluster of barbed fruits.^[3] Its many common names include black-jack,^[4]beggar-ticks, cobbler's pegs, sticky beaks, farmer's friends^[5] and Spanish needle.^{[2][6][7][8][9]} The fruits are like short, stiff hairs. They get stuck in feathers, fur, fleeces, clothing, etc.^[10][11] This bur is widespread throughout the warmer regions of the world.^[12] Its little black fruits hook onto clothes or animals and thereby the bur spreads itself around. It is susceptible to hand weeding if small enough, even then must be bagged, and thick mulches may prevent it from growing.^[13] Each fruit has two to four barbed spines.^[14] A weed of gardens, woodlands, and waste areas, people or animals that brush against the plant will get the fruits stuck on their clothing or fur.^[15][16][17] Although this plant is primarily considered a weed, in many parts of the world it is a source of food and medicine.^[18] For example, it is reportedly widely eaten in Africa,^[15] and in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War, soldiers adopted the herb as a vegetable, which lead to it being known as the 'soldier vegetable'.^[19]

Blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.) is an important weed in Zimbabwe. It is a dicotyledonous annual arable weed that grows in all the different agroecological zones and is responsible for huge yield losses due to competition with crops for resources. One of the crops that has been affected by blackjack is pearl millet (Pennisatum. Seed dispersal prevents the parent plant from having to share resources - water, nutrients and light - with offspring growing up nearby. Particularly for trees, seeds need to disperse away from the parent tree's canopy, where they have a chance of receiving enough light for growth after germination.

Description[edit]

Bidens Pilosa is an annual forb of gracilehabit, growing up to 1.8 meters tall. It grows aggressively on disturbed land and often becomes weedy. The leaves are oppositely arranged and pinnate in form with three to five dentate, ovate-to-lanceolate leaflets. The petioles are slightly winged.^[20]

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The plant may flower at any time of the year, but in temperate regions it blooms mainly in summer and autumn. Flowers are borne in small heads on relatively long peduncles. The heads bear about four or five broad white ray florets, surrounding many tubular yellow disc florets. The fruits are slightly curved, stiff, rough black rods, tetragonal in cross section, about 1 cm long, with typically two to three stiff, heavily barbed awns at their distal ends. The infructescences form stellate spherical burrs about one to two centimeters in diameter. The barbed awns catch onto fur or clothing, and can injure flesh. It is an effective means of seed dispersal by zoochory, as the fruits are transported by animals. This mechanism has helped the plant become a noxious weed in temperate and tropical regions.^[20]

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Common names[edit]

This plant has many common names in different regions and languages, including:^[2]

• Afrikaans language: knapsekêrel
• Chinese: gui zhen cao
• English: beggar's tick, beggar-ticks, hairy beggar-ticks, black-jack, broom stick, broom stuff, cobbler's pegs, devil's needles, hairy bidens, Spanish needle, farmers friend, Devils Pitchfork
• Central America spanish: Mozote
• Fijian: batimadramadra, matakaro, matua kamate, mbatikalawau, mbatimandramandra
• French: bident hérissé, bident poilu, herbe d'aiguille, herbe villebague, piquants noirs
• Gĩkũyũ: mũcege^[21]
• Hawaiian: kī, nehe, kī nehe, kī pipili
• Japanese: コセンダングサ (ko-sendangusa) and ひっつき虫 (hittsuki-mushi), which stands for plants with burs, or burs in general, are the common names.
• Kifumbira: Inyabalasanya
• Mangareva: tarou, taru
• മലയാളം: Kandanakuthi,കണ്ടനക്കുത്തി
• Māori: koheriki, kohiriki^[22]
• Māori (Cook Islands): kamika tuarongo, piripiri, nīroa, piripiri nīroa, piripiri kerekere
• Mufindi: Mabangalala
• Myanmar: ta-sae-ut
• Niuean: kofetoga, kofetonga
• Philippines: pisau-pisau
  • Bontoc language: nguad, puriket
  • Ivatan language: dadayem
• Portuguese: amor-de-burro, picão, picão-preto
• Pukapukan: pilipili
• Spanish: acetillo, amor seco, arponcito, asta de cabra, cacho de cabra, masquia, mazote, papunga chipaca, pega-pega, perca, sirvulaca; (Canary Islands) Amorsecano
• Tahitian: piripiri
• Tongan: fisi‘uli
• Ukrainian: chereda
• Vietnamese: xuyến chi
• Wallisian: tae puaka
• Cambodia: ភិដែន
• Shona language Zimbabwe Mutsine

Traditional uses[edit]

How Are Blackjack Seeds Dispersed California

In traditional Chinese medicine, this plant is considered a medicinal herb, called xian feng cao (Chinese: 咸豐草).^{[citation needed]}. In traditional Bafumbira medicine, this plant is applied on a fresh wound and is known to be a medicinal herb, called inyabalasanya.^{[citation needed]}

Chemistry[edit]

Almost two hundred compounds have been isolated from B. pilosa, especially polyacetylenes and flavonoids.^[23] The plant contains the chalconeokanin^[24] and ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid.^[25]

Extracts of B. pilosa suppressed the growth of isolated adult T-cell leukemia cells in vitro.^[26]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^The Plant List, Bidens pilosa L.
2. ^ ^abcBidens pilosa. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). USFS.
3. ^'Spanish needles: definition of Spanish needles in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)'. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
4. ^'BSBI List 2007'. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original(xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
5. ^https://www.survival.org.au/bf_bidens_pilosa.php
6. ^'Bidens pilosa in Flora of North America @ efloras.org'. www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
7. ^Flora of China, 鬼针草 gui zhen cao Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
8. ^Altervista Flora Italiana, Forbicina pelosa, Bidens pilosa L. includes photos and European distribution map
9. ^Atlas of Living Australia, Bidens pilosa L., Cobbler's Peg
10. ^'Plant Discoveries Sherwin Carlquist Island Biology LOSS of DISPERSIBILITY on ISLANDS'. www.sherwincarlquist.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
11. ^'beggarticks: definition of beggarticks in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)'. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
12. ^'Factsheet - Bidens pilosa'. keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
13. ^'Sustainable Horse Keeping'. goldcoasthorse.com.au. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
14. ^Multimedia, Acura. '*Bidens pilosa — Noosa's Native Plants'. noosanativeplants.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
15. ^ ^ab'Bidens pilosa - Cobbler's Pegs - Edible Weeds and Bush Tucker Plant Foods'. www.survival.org.au. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
16. ^'Dangars Falls and Salisbury Waters'. www.donsmaps.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
17. ^'Elizabeth and Rob'. elizabeth-nowell.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
18. ^Grubben, G. J. H. & O. A. Denton. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
19. ^Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 38. ISBN978-9745240896.
20. ^ ^abFlora of North America, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
21. ^Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English Dictionary, p. 51. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22. ^'Plant Use Details of Bidens pilosa'. Landcare Research. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
23. ^Silva, F. L., et al. (2011). Compilation of secondary metabolites from Bidens pilosa. Molecules 16(2), 1070-1102.
24. ^Presence of Compounds in Picao preto (Bidens pilosa). Raintree Nutrition.
25. ^Chiang, Y., et al. (2005). Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-κB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin.Br J Pharmacol. 146(3) 352–63. PMID16041399
26. ^Nakama, S., et al. (2011). .Anti-adult T-cell leukemia effects of Bidens pilosa.International Journal of Oncology 38(4), 1163-73. PMID21318218

External links[edit]

• PROTAbase Record display for Bidens pilosa. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA). Retrieved on 12 April 2010.

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